S?? l???c l?ch s? Vi?t Nam
C??c cu?c kh???o c? g??n ???y ??? ch?ng minh s? t?n t???i c?a con ng???i tr??n l??nh th? Vi?t Nam t? th??i ??? ??? c? (300.000 -500.000 n??m). V?o th??i k?? ??? ??? m?i, c??c n??n v??n ho?? Ho? B?nh - B???c S??n (g??n 10.000 n??m tr??c CN) ??? ch?ng t?? s? xu???t hi?n c?a n??ng nghi?p v? ch??n nu??i, c?? th?? l? c??? ngh? thu??t tr?ng l??a n??c.
D??n t?c Vi?t Nam ??? ????c h?nh th?nh v? b??c ???u ph??t tri??n tr??n v??ng ch??u th? s??ng H?ng v? s??ng M?? ph?a B???c c?a Vi?t Nam ng?y nay. Con ng???i t? c??c v??ng ??i n??i xu?ng v??ng ??ng b??ng, t? ???i n?y sang ???i kh??c ??? khai ho?? ????t ??? tr?ng tr??t. H?? ??? t???o ra m?t h? th?ng ??? ?i??u ??? ch??? ng? d??ng s??ng H?ng g??y nhi??u l? l??t h?ng n??m. Qu?? tr?nh lao ??ng kh??ng ng?ng ??? ch??? ng? n??c - ch?ng l?, l??t, b??o, h???n h??n, x??y d?ng ??? ?i??u, ??o k??nh ph??c v?? cho vi?c tr?ng l??a - ??? t???o n??n n??n v??n minh l??a n??c v? v??n ho?? l?ng x??.
V?o th??i ????i ??? ??ng ??? ra ???i m?t n??n v??n minh th?ng nh???t v? ??c ???o, ????t m?c ?? k?? thu??t v? ngh? thu??t cao, n??n v??n minh ????ng S??n r?c r??. C??c nghi??n c?u nh??n ch?ng, l?ch s? v? kh???o c? g??n ???y ??? kh???ng ??nh s? t?n t???i m?t th??i k?? c??c Vua H??ng kho???ng 1000 n??m tr??c C??ng nguy??n tr??n V???ng qu?c V??n Lang, sau ??? ??i t??n l? ??u L???c. ?????n th??? k? th? hai tr??c C??ng nguy??n, ??u L???c ??? b? x??m chi???m v? s??t nh??p v?o ???? ch??? phong ki???n H??n h??ng m???nh ?? ph???ng B???c. Nh?ng s? th?ng tr? c?a phong ki???n Trung Hoa k?o d?i m???i th??? k? ??? kh??ng b?? g??y ????c s?c kh??ng c? c?a d??n t?c v? kh??ng ??ng ho?? ????c n??n v??n ho?? Vi?t Nam.
V?o th??? k? th? m???i sau C??ng nguy??n ????t n??c ??? gi?nh ????c ??c l??p v??ng ch???c v? x??y d?ng m?t nh? n??c ??c l??p mang t??n ?????i Vi?t. ?????t n??c ??? tr???i qua nhi??u tri??u ????i vua ch??a phong ki???n m? quan tr??ng nh???t l? tri??u L?? (th??? k?11 v? 12), tri??u Tr??n (th??? k? 13 v? 14), tri??u L?? (th??? k? 15, 16 v? 17) v?i m?t n??n h?nh ch?nh t??p quy??n, m?t l?c l???ng qu??n ??i m???nh, m?t n??n kinh t??? v? v??n ho?? ph??t tri??n cao. Trong su?t th??i k?? n?y, Vi?t Nam ph???i li??n t??c ????u tranh ch?ng l???i c??c ??m m?u x??m l???c c?a c??c ???? ch??? phong ki???n Trung Hoa v? M??ng C?. C??c cu?c kh??ng chi???n l??u d?i v? gian kh? ch?ng qu??n x??m l???c T?ng (th??? k? 11), Nguy??n (th??? k? 13), Minh (th??? k? 15) ??? gi?nh nh??ng th???ng l??i vang d?i. Sau m?i cu?c kh??ng chi???n, Vi?t Nam tr?? n??n m???nh h??n, c??c d??n t?c ?o?n k???t h??n v? ????t n??c b??c v?o m?t th??i k?? c???ng th?nh m?i.
N??n v??n ho?? ????ng S??n ????c b? sung b??i ???nh h???ng c?a v??n ho?? Trung Hoa ??? ph??t tri??n qua nhi??u th??? k? trong khu??n kh? m?t nh? n??c ??c l??p. Ph??t gi??o, Nho gi??o, Kh?ng gi??o th??m nh??p v?o ?????i Vi?t mang theo nhi??u y???u t? v??n ho?? qu??n ch??ng v? nhi??u h?nh th?c ???c bi?t. Tuy v??y, Vi?t Nam v??n c?? ng??n ng?? ri??ng v? m?t n??n v??n minh n??ng nghi?p ph??t tri??n kh?? cao.
?????n th??? k? 17 v? 18, ch??? ?? phong ki???n Vi?t Nam suy y???u nghi??m tr??ng. C??c cu?c kh??i ngh?a n??ng d??n li??n t??c di?n ra ??? d??n ????n phong tr?o T??y S??n (1771-1802). T??y S??n ??? ti??u di?t c??c ch??? ?? vua ch??a c??t c?, th?ng nh???t ????t n??c, ???nh ?u?i qu??n x??m l???c Thanh (Trung Qu?c) ??ng th??i ban h?nh nhi??u c???i c??ch x?? h?i v? v??n ho??. Nh?ng kh??ng l??u sau ??? v?i s? gi??p ??? c?a ngo???i bang, Nguy?n ??nh ??? gi?nh ????c quy??n th?ng tr? v? l??p n??n tri??u ??nh nh? Nguy?n, tri??u ????i phong ki???n cu?i c??ng ?? Vi?t Nam.
V?o gi??a th??? k? 19 (1858), th?c d??n Ph??p b???t ???u cu?c x??m chi???m Vi?t Nam. Tri??u ??nh nh? Nguy?n b???t l?c ??? d??n d??n nh??n nh???ng qu??n x??m l???c v? t? n??m 1884 Ph??p thi???t l??p ch??? ?? b???o h? v? thu?c ??a tr??n to?n b? l??nh th? Vi?t Nam. Ngay t? nh??ng ng?y ???u, c??c phong tr?o kh??ng chi???n qu??n ch??ng d??i s? l??nh ????o c?a c??c s? phu y??u n??c n? ra ?? kh???p m??i n??i, nh?ng cu?i c??ng ???u th???t b???i.
Nguy?n ??i Qu?c, sau ??? tr?? th?nh Ch? t?ch H? Ch? Minh, ??? ho???t ??ng ?? n??c ngo?i ??? t?m con ????ng c?u n??c. Ng???i ??? s??ng l??p ?????ng C?ng s???n Vi?t Nam v?o ng?y 3/2/1930. D??i s? l??nh ????o c?a ?????ng C?ng s???n, qu??n ch??ng nh??n d??n ??? ??ng l??n ????u tranh ch?ng th?c d??n Ph??p v? qu??n chi???m ???ng Nh??t, th?c hi?n cu?c T?ng kh??i ngh?a th??ng 8 n??m 1945 v? th?nh l??p n??c Vi?t Nam D??n ch? C?ng ho? ng?y 2/9/1945.
N??c Vi?t Nam non tr?? v?a m?i ra ???i l???i ph???i ????ng ???u v?i c??c ??m m?u x??m l???c v? can thi?p c?a Ph??p v? M??, ph???i ti???n h?nh cu?c chi???n tranh gi???i ph??ng d??n t?c k?o d?i su?t 30 n??m sau ???. Tr??c h???t, s? tr?? l???i x??m l???c c?a Ph??p ??? g??y ra cu?c kh??ng chi???n 9 n??m (1945-1954) c?a Vi?t Nam, k???t th??c b??ng chi???n th???ng ??i?n Bi??n Ph? v? Hi?p ??nh Gen??ve v?? Vi?t Nam n??m 1954. Theo Hi?p ??nh n?y, ????t n??c t???m th??i b? chia l?m hai v??ng l??nh th? mi??n B???c v? mi??n Nam l???y v? tuy???n 17 l?m gi?i tuy???n v? s??? ????c th?ng nh???t hai n??m sau ??? (1956) th??ng qua m?t cu?c t?ng tuy??n c?. Mi??n B???c Vi?t Nam v?o th??i k?? nay mang t??n Vi?t Nam D??n ch? C?ng ho?, d??i s? l??nh ????o c?a ?????ng Lao ??ng v?i Th? ??? l? H? N?i. Mi??n Nam mang t??n Vi?t Nam C?ng ho? n??m d??i s? qu???n l?? c?a ch?nh quy??n th??n Ph??p, r?i th??n M?? ???t t???i S?i G??n. Ch?nh quy??n S?i G??n s? d??ng m??i s?c m???nh ??? ng??n ch??n cu?c t?ng tuy??n c?, ??n ??p v? lo???i b?? nh??ng ng???i kh??ng chi???n c?, do v??y xu???t hi?n phong tr?o ????u tranh v? ho? b?nh, th?ng nh???t ????t n??c. Ch?nh quy??n S?i G??n ??? kh??ng th?? ng??n c???n ????c nguy?n v??ng th?ng nh???t ????t n??c c?a qu??n ch??ng, ???c bi?t t? ng?y M??t tr??n d??n t?c gi???i ph??ng mi??n Nam Vi?t Nam ????c th?nh l??p, ng?y 20/12/1960.
???? duy tr? Ch??? ?? S?i G??n, M?? ??? t??ng c???ng vi?n tr?? qu??n s?. ????c bi?t k?? t? gi??a th??p k? 60 M?? ??? g?i n?a tri?u qu??n M?? v? ??ng minh ????n mi??n Nam Vi?t Nam tr?c ti???p tham chi???n, v? t? 5/8/1964 b???t ???u n?m bom mi??n B???c Vi?t Nam. Nh?ng nh??n d??n Vi?t Nam, theo l??i d???y c?a Ch? T?ch H? Ch? Minh "Kh??ng c?? g? qu?? h??n ??c l??p t? do", ??? ??ng v??ng v? gi?nh nhi??u th???ng l??i ?? c??? hai mi??n Nam v? B???c. N??m 1973, Washington bu?c ph???i k?? hi?p ??nh Paris v?? l??p l???i ho? b?nh ?? Vi?t Nam v? r??t to?n b? qu??n ??i M?? ra kh??i Vi?t Nam. M??a xu??n n??m 1975, tr??n tinh th??n ????i ?o?n k???t d??n t?c v? ????c s? ??ng t?nh c?a nh??n d??n y??u chu?ng h??a b?nh, c??ng l?? v? ti???n b? tr??n th??? gi?i, c??c l?c l???ng v? trang y??u n??c Vi?t Nam ??? th?c hi?n cu?c t?ng ti???n c??ng ??? b???p Ch?nh quy??n S?i G??n, gi???i ph??ng mi??n Nam, th?ng nh???t ????t n??c.
Ng?y 25/4/1976, n??c Vi?t nam D??n ch? C?ng ho? ????c ??i t??n th?nh n??c C?ng ho? X?? h?i ch? ngh?a Vi?t nam v?i l??nh th? bao g?m c??? hai mi??n Nam v? B???c.
N??m 1977, Vi?t Nam tr?? th?nh th?nh vi??n c?a Li??n H??p Qu?c.
Sau nhi??u n??m chi???n tranh k?o d?i, ????t n??c b? t?n ph?? n??ng n??. T? n??m 1975 ????n 1986, Vi?t Nam ph???i ??i ph?? v?i v?? v?n kh?? kh??n. Nh??ng h??u qu??? v? t? n???n x?? h?i do chi???n tranh ??? l???i, d??ng ng???i t? n???n, chi???n tranh ?? bi??n gi?i T??y Nam ch?ng di?t ch?ng Khme ???, chi???n tranh ?? bi??n gi?i ph?a B???c, bao v??y, c???m v??n c?a M?? v? c??c n??c ph???ng T??y, th??m v?o ??? thi??n tai li??n ti???p x???y ra... ??? ???t Vi?t Nam tr??c nh??ng th? th??ch kh???c nghi?t. H??n n??a, nh??ng kh?? kh??n c?ng tr??m tr??ng do xu???t ph??t t? c??c nguy??n nh??n ch? quan, n??ng v?i v? duy ?? ch? mu?n x??y d?ng l???i ????t n??c nhanh ch??ng m? kh??ng t?nh ????n nh??ng ?i??u ki?n c?? th??. V?o ???u nh??ng n??m 80, kh?ng ho???ng kinh t??? - x?? h?i ?? Vi?t Nam tr?? n??n gay g???t, t? l? l???m ph??t l??n ????n 774,7% v?o n??m 1986.
T? n??m 1986, Vi?t Nam b???t ???u ti???n h?nh c??ng cu?c ???i m?i to?n di?n nh??m v???t qua kh?? kh??n, ?i v?o v?o con ????ng ph??t tri??n v? t?ng b??c h?i nh??p khu v?c v? qu?c t???. ?????i h?i VI c?a ?????ng c?ng s???n Vi?t Nam th??ng 12/1986 ??? nghi??m kh???c ki??m ?i??m s? l??nh ????o c?a m?nh, kh???ng ??nh nh??ng m??t l?m ????c, ph??n t?ch nh??ng sai l??m khuy???t ?i??m, ??? ra ????ng l?i ???i m?i to?n di?n trong ??? ??i m?i kinh t??? ????c ???t l??n h?ng ???u v?i ch? tr???ng ph??t tri??n n??n kinh t??? h?ng ho?? nhi??u th?nh ph??n v??n h?nh theo c?? ch??? th? tr???ng c?? s? qu???n l?? c?a nh? n??c, theo ??nh h??ng XHCN, ?i ???i v?i vi?c t??ng c???ng c?? s?? ph??p l??, ??i m?i t? ch?c ?????ng v? Nh? n??c. N??n kinh t??? Vi?t Nam th?c s? m?? c?a, chuy??n t? c?? ch??? t??p trung quan li??u bao c???p d?a tr??n vi?c nh??p kh??u v? nh??n vi?n tr?? c?a n??c ngo?i sang c?? ch??? th? tr???ng, t? ch? v?? t?i ch?nh nh??m c??n b??ng ng??n s??ch nh? n??c v? h??ng t?i xu???t kh??u. Tr??c n??m 1989 h?ng n??m Vi?t Nam ???u ph???i nh??p kh??u l???ng th?c, c?? n??m tr??n 1 tri?u t???n. T? n??m 1989, Vi?t Nam ??? b???t ???u xu???t kh??u 1-1,5 tri?u t???n g???o m?i n??m; l???m ph??t gi???m d??n (????n n??m 1990 c??n 67,4%). ????i s?ng c?a nh??n d??n ????c c???i thi?n, d??n ch? trong x?? h?i ????c ph??t huy. Qu?c ph??ng, an ninh ????c gi?? v??ng. Quan h? ??i ngo???i ????c m?? r?ng, ???y l??i t?nh tr???ng bao v??y, c?? l??p.
Th??ng 6 n??m 1991, ?????i h?i VII c?a ?????ng C?ng s???n Vi?t Nam kh???ng ??nh l???i quy???t t??m ti???p t??c ch?nh s??ch ???i m?i c?a Vi?t Nam v?i m??c ti??u v???t qua kh?? kh??n, th? th??ch, ?n ??nh v? ph??t tri??n kinh t??? - x?? h?i, t??ng c???ng ?n ??nh ch?nh tr?, ???y l??i ti??u c?c v? b???t c??ng x?? h?i, ??a ????t n??c c?? b???n ra kh??i t?nh tr???ng kh?ng ho???ng. ?????i h?i c?ng ??? ra ch?nh s??ch ??i ngo???i ??c l??p, t? ch?, r?ng m?? ?a d???ng ho?? v? ?a ph???ng ho?? quan h? v?i m??c ti??u Vi?t Nam "mu?n l?m b???n v?i t???t c??? c??c n??c trong c?ng ??ng qu?c t???, ph???n ????u v? ho? b?nh, ??c l??p v? ph??t tri??n."
M??c d?? b? t??c ??ng s??u s???c do vi?c Li??n X??, ????ng ??u tan r??, c??c th? tr???ng truy??n th?ng b? ????o l?n; ti???p t??c b? bao v??y c???m v??n v? ph???i ??i ph?? v?i c??c ??m m?u ho???t ??ng g??y m???t ?n ??nh ch?nh tr? v? b???o lo???n l??t ?? c?a c??c th??? l?c th?? ??ch, Vi?t Nam ??? t?ng b??c kh???c ph??c kh?? kh??n, tr?? ng???i, ti???p t??c gi?nh nhi??u th???ng l??i to l?n. T? n??m 1991-1995 nh?p ?? t??ng b?nh qu??n h?ng n??m v?? t?ng s???n ph??m trong n??c (GDP) ????t 8,2%. ?????n th??ng 6/1996, ???u t? tr?c ti???p c?a n??c ngo?i ????t tr??n 30,5 t? USD. L???m ph??t gi???m t? m?c 67,1% (1991) xu?ng c??n 12,7% (1995) v? 4,5% (1996). ????i s?ng v??t ch???t c?a ph??n l?n nh??n d??n ????c c???i thi?n. Tr?nh ?? d??n tr?, m?c h???ng th?? v??n ho?? c?a nh??n d??n ????c n??ng l??n. S? nghi?p gi??o d??c ??o t???o, ch??m s??c s?c kho??, c??c ho???t ??ng v??n ho?? ngh? thu??t th?? d??c th?? thao, th??ng tin ????i ch??ng, c??ng t??c k??? ho???ch ho?? gia ??nh v? nhi??u ho???t ??ng x?? h?i kh??c c?? nh??ng m??t ph??t tri??n v? ti???n b?. Ch?nh tr? ?n ??nh, ??c l??p ch? quy??n v? m??i tr???ng ho? b?nh c?a Vi?t Nam ????c gi?? v??ng, qu?c ph??ng an ninh ????c c?ng c? t???o ?i??u ki?n thu??n l??i c?? b???n cho c??ng cu?c ???i m?i. H? th?ng ch?nh tr? t? trung ???ng ????n c?? s?? ????c c?ng c?, b? m??y nh? n??c ph??p quy??n ????c ti???p t??c x??y d?ng v? ho?n thi?n. Ch?nh s??ch ??i ngo???i ??c l??p t? ch?, ?a ph???ng ho?? v? ?a d???ng ho?? quan h? c?a Vi?t Nam ??? ????t ????c nh??ng k???t qu??? t?t ????p. ?????n nay, Vi?t Nam ??? thi???t l??p quan h? ngo???i giao v?i 167n??c, c?? quan h? bu??n b??n v?i tr??n 100 n??c. C??c c??ng ty c?a h??n 70 n??c v? v??ng l??nh th? ??? ???u t? tr?c ti???p v?o Vi?t Nam.
?????i h?i ?????ng C?ng s???n Vi?t Nam l??n th? VIII, th??ng 6/1996 ??? ???nh gi?? nh??ng th?nh t?u to l?n c?? ?? ngh?a r???t quan tr??ng trong 10 n??m ???i m?i (1986-1996) v? ??? ra m??c ti??u ph??t tri??n ????n n??m 2000 v? 2020 l? : ???y m???nh c??ng nghi?p ho??, hi?n ????i ho??. M??c ti??u c?a c??ng nghi?p ho??, hi?n ????i ho?? l? x??y d?ng Vi?t Nam th?nh m?t n??c c??ng nghi?p c?? c?? s?? v??t ch???t-k?? thu??t hi?n ????i, c?? c???u kinh t??? h??p l??, quan h? s???n xu???t ti???n b?, ph?? h??p v?i tr?nh ?? s???n xu???t, ???i s?ng v??t ch???t v? tinh th??n cao, qu?c ph??ng an ninh v??ng ch???c, d??n gi?u n??c m???nh, x?? h?i c??ng b??ng, v??n minh.
?????i h?i ?????ng C?ng s???n Vi?t Nam l??n th? IX, th??ng 4/2001, ??? th??ng qua Ngh? quy???t v?? nh??ng m??c ti??u chi???n l???c ph??t tri??n kinh t???-x?? h?i trong th??i gian t?i, cho t?i 2010 l?: ???a GDP t??ng ?t nh???t g???p hai l??n n??m 2000; t?ch lu?? n?i b? t? n??n kinh t??? ????t tr??n 30% GDP; nh?p ?? t??ng tr???ng b?nh qu??n n??m ?t nh???t ????t 7%; t? tr??ng n??ng nghi?p trong GDP l? 16-17%; c??ng nghi?p 40-41%; d?ch v?? 42-43%; t? l? lao ??ng trong n??ng nghi?p c??n kho???ng 50%; t? l? ng???i ????c ??o t???o ngh?? l? 40%; ph? c??p b???t bu?c trung h??c c?? s?? trong c??? n??c; h??? t? l? tr?? em d??i 5 tu?i suy dinh d???ng c??n 20%; tu?i th?? trung b?nh ????t 71 tu?i; t???o n??n t???ng ??? ????n n??m 2020 Vi?t Nam c?? b???n tr?? th?nh m?t n??c c??ng nghi?p theo h??ng hi?n ????i.
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